PhD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

PhD - Essay Example ..51 7 3.34.REFERENCES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..53 7 3.48.CHAPTER 2 8 3.49.2.1 Fuel Economy 9 3.50.The fuel economy(FE) of any vehicle can be calculated as a ratio of distance travelled per unit volume of fuel consumed or as the ratio of fuel consumption per distance travelled (GFEI,n.d.). An et al (2011, p4) note that fuel economy standards can be of various forms such as liters of fuel consumed per hundred kilometers of distance travelled or kilometers travelled per liter of vehicle fuel. The global average vehicle fuel consumption hovers around 8L/100 km corresponding to 29.4 mpg and a global drive under the aegis of GFEI, whose partner organizations are the UNEP, IEA, ITF , ITCC and the FIA Foundation has been launched to bring it down to 4L/100km corresponding to 58.8 mpg by 2050 (GFEI,n.d.).The regulations pertaining to fuel economy followed by the four largest automobile markets, namely, the US, the EU, Japan and China differ significantly from each other (An et al, 2011, p4). 10 3.51.The fFactors affecting fuel economy of a vehicle 11 4.Power for consumption by accessories such as air conditioners and heaters is obtained from fuel consumption. The electric power required for operating an air conditioner in a vehicle can be split up into two components, namely, as the power for the compressor and the power for fans. It was found that there was an average increase in power consumption of around 27% in cars with air conditioners running at full power as compared to cars with air conditioners switched off OECD(2004,p124-125).The additional weight of the air-conditioning system by itself results in more fuel consumption due to extra energy required to beat the inertia of the system during acceleration and in turn increases the tailpipe emissions. Auxiliary heaters also contribute to increased fuel consumption and emissions . The ongoing technological developmental work for fuel economy carried out in vehicle air conditioners include reduction in component weight, improvement in compressor efficiency by adopting variable displacement or engine speed independent propulsion, intelligent control accuracy to increase temperature control accuracy, heat pumps, absorption systems, thermal storage, use of refrigerants with lower Global Warming Potential(GWP) with non-conventional system configuration and secondary loop systems(OECD,2004,p126-127).The power requirement of electrical equipment in a modern car is around 1kW and could go up to 12kW in the near future. Table 2.2 (Pundir ,2008,p20) gives the power consumption of accessories in a typical European car.The voltages of the auxiliary electrical systems being developed in vehicles are expected to be changed to around 42V.Since the advanced range of on-board equipment in cars would comprise of computer controlled systems, mobile internet, fax, GPS,TV and v ideo systems which need enhanced power input, highly efficient engines are required to be eq1uipped with alternator or Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) to supply the power(OECD,2004,127). 22 5. 25 6.Table 2.2 the power consumption of accessories in a typical European car ( Pundir,2008,p20) 26 9.1.2.2 Importance of fuel economy 26 9.2. 36 9.3.Table 2.3 fuel economy technologies for automobiles and light trucks ( NRC ,1992,p41) 36 9.5.2.2.1 Design and technology for fuel economy 36 9.6.Pundir(2008,p16-17) lists out the

Compare and Contrast Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast Essay All interesting authors expose their readers to experience the essence of the story. In this case, Toni Cade Bambara uses the illustration of her short story â€Å"The Lesson†, in order to convey the reality of a 1960’s ghetto, African American community through the eyes of a young girl named Sylvia. Sylvia is a young, fearless girl who has an audacious and outspoken nature despite her constant use of profanity and insulting judgments of Miss Moore. Moreover, Toni Bambara’s technique of literacy in this piece is written in a way that transport the readers to another cultural setting that is condemned by a helpless cycle of economic poverty, which Miss Moore attempts to prevent for the future generation. In addition, Toni Cade Bambara uses her colorful style of tone to express the realism and individualistic characteristic of the urban black community of the 1960s through the use of AAVE, which stands for â€Å"African American Vernacular English. † Through this unique style of writing, Toni Bambara’s goal is to challenge or even question society of its unfair economy. Admittedly, it is true that these kids have inherited poor values from their parents. â€Å"It also touches on the irresponsibility of lower class parents when it comes to raising their children (Friedman 2). † This is where Miss Moore, the antagonist, comes in. She tries to show these kids what it means to have opportunity to be successful and have a nice life. â€Å"She’d been to college and said it was only right that she should take responsibility for the young ones’ education. And she not even related by marriage or blood (pg. 183). † The author portrays Miss Moore as being a proper adult figure for the kids as she shows them the world other than the one they live in. In the beginning of the story, many readers are startled at the fact that Sylvia explicitly uses profanity like it is apart of her everyday speech. She states, â€Å"And the starch in my pinafore scratching the shit outta me and I’m really hating this nappy-head bitch and her goddam college degree (pg. 183). † Toni wanted to make Sylvia seem as realistic as possible, and with Sylvia’s lower class, ghetto background speaking properly would not seem as authentic to the setting and situation. As an African American herself, Bambara portrays Sylvia almost as a realistic figure influenced by her childhood. â€Å"This dialect emphasizes the children’s distance from mainstream white bourgeois culture and economic power. However, Bambara also celebrates AAVE to express her self-confidence, assertiveness, and creativity as a young black women (Janet Ruth Heller 1). † At first, Sylvia gives off the impression of being stubborn and loud. She is adverse to Miss Moore’s teachings because simply, she doesn’t understand the underlying messages that Miss Moore attempts to teach these kids. During the exposition, Sugar answers Miss Moore’s question by saying, â€Å"I think†¦ that this is not much of a democracy if you ask me. Equal chance to pursue happiness means an equal crack at the dough, don’t it? (pg. 188)† This moment is the turning point in which changes Sylvia from being a talker to a listener. Although the lesson doesn’t immediately make sense to her, she eventually runs off to let it sink in. After reading the story, the reader is left with a feeling of anticipation for the kids and their future outcome. Although humorous, the story brings up a serious issue of poverty and the economic disparity that these kids experience. Furthermore, at the conclusion of the story Sylvia states, â€Å"We started from the block and she gets ahead which is O. K. by me cause I’m goin to the West End and then over to the Drive to think this day through. She can run if she want to and even run faster. But ain’t nobody gonna beat me at nuthin (pg. 188). † This moment represents hope for Sylvia’s future and her drive to pursue a life other than the one she was brought up to. In this way, Toni wants to convey a message of hope to all kids in Sylvia’s position and that they have to chance to break away from the cycle of poverty and be successful.

Walt Whitman :: Essays Papers

Walt Whitman Walt Whitman was born on May 31, 1819, in the West Hills of Long Island, New York. His mother, Louisa Van Velsor, a Dutch Quaker, whom he adored, was barely literate. She never read his poetry, but gave him unconditional love. His father was an Englishman, and a carpenter who built houses, and a stern disciplinarian. He was a friend of Tom Paine, whose pamphlet Common Sense (1776), urging the colonists to throw off English domination was in his sparse library. It is doubtful that his father read any of his son's poetry, or would have understood it if he had. The senior Walt was too busy with the struggle to support his ever-growing family of nine children, four of whom were handicapped. Walt, the second of nine, was taken from public school at the age of eleven to help support the family. At the age of twelve he started to learn the printer's trade, and began to admire the written and printed word. He was mainly self-taught. He read as much as could, and read such authors as Homer, Dante, Shakespeare and Scott early in his life. He knew the Bible thoroughly, and as a God-influenced poet, desired to initiate a religion uniting all of humanity in bonds of friendship. In 1836, at the age of 17, he began his career as a teacher in the one-room schoolhouses of Long Island. He permitted his students to call him by his first name, and devised learning games for them in arithmetic and spelling. He continued to teach school until 1841, when he turned to journalism as a full-time career. He soon became editor for a number of Brooklyn and New York papers. From 1846 to 1847 Whitman was the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Whitman went to New Orleans in 1848, where he was editor for a brief time of the "New Orleans Crescent". In that city he had become fascinated with the French language. Many of his poems contain words of French derivation. It was in New Orleans that he experienced at first hand the inhumanity of slavery in the slave markets of that city. On his return to Brooklyn in the fall of 1848, he founded an abolitionist newspaper, the "Brooklyn Freeman". Between 1848 and 1855 he developed the style of poetry that caught the attention of literary men such as Ralph Waldo Emerson. Walt Whitman :: Essays Papers Walt Whitman Walt Whitman was born on May 31, 1819, in the West Hills of Long Island, New York. His mother, Louisa Van Velsor, a Dutch Quaker, whom he adored, was barely literate. She never read his poetry, but gave him unconditional love. His father was an Englishman, and a carpenter who built houses, and a stern disciplinarian. He was a friend of Tom Paine, whose pamphlet Common Sense (1776), urging the colonists to throw off English domination was in his sparse library. It is doubtful that his father read any of his son's poetry, or would have understood it if he had. The senior Walt was too busy with the struggle to support his ever-growing family of nine children, four of whom were handicapped. Walt, the second of nine, was taken from public school at the age of eleven to help support the family. At the age of twelve he started to learn the printer's trade, and began to admire the written and printed word. He was mainly self-taught. He read as much as could, and read such authors as Homer, Dante, Shakespeare and Scott early in his life. He knew the Bible thoroughly, and as a God-influenced poet, desired to initiate a religion uniting all of humanity in bonds of friendship. In 1836, at the age of 17, he began his career as a teacher in the one-room schoolhouses of Long Island. He permitted his students to call him by his first name, and devised learning games for them in arithmetic and spelling. He continued to teach school until 1841, when he turned to journalism as a full-time career. He soon became editor for a number of Brooklyn and New York papers. From 1846 to 1847 Whitman was the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Whitman went to New Orleans in 1848, where he was editor for a brief time of the "New Orleans Crescent". In that city he had become fascinated with the French language. Many of his poems contain words of French derivation. It was in New Orleans that he experienced at first hand the inhumanity of slavery in the slave markets of that city. On his return to Brooklyn in the fall of 1848, he founded an abolitionist newspaper, the "Brooklyn Freeman". Between 1848 and 1855 he developed the style of poetry that caught the attention of literary men such as Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Sexualization of Little Girls in the Media

Does the Media Sexualize Little Girls? Many different articles and essays use statistics to back up their claims but you is to say if they are accurate or not? In â€Å"Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect† by Stephanie Hanes and â€Å"Toddlers in Tiaras† by Skip Hollandsworth they use many different statistics to back up their claims that the media is sexualizing little girls and that it is a problem for themselves and society.Even though they shock you with their disturbing statistics you wouldn’t know if they were correct without some further research. The statistic that I chose to research in â€Å"Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect† by Stephanie Hanes was that, â€Å"The marketing group NPD Fashionworld reported in 2003 that more than $1. 6 million is spent annually on thong underwear for 7- to 12-year-olds. † What I found left me confused but didn’t necessarily prove the statistic wrong.When I r esearched the statistic the only places I could find this statistic were on websites or blogs using from statistic â€Å"Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect. † NPD Fashionworld may have very well done the research to back up their claims but I could not find any other companies or researchers doing the same study. I would say that the research is not very credible because of one major thing; there are no other sets of data to compare it to.The statistic that I chose from â€Å"Toddlers in Tiaras† by Skip Hollandsworth was that, â€Å"A small study published in Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, that involved 22 women, half of whom had participated in child beauty pageants, concluded that there were â€Å"no significant differences† between the two groups on measures of bulimia, body perception, depression, and self-esteem. But it did find that the former beauty pageant girls scored significantly higher on â€Å"body dissatisfaction, interpersonal distrust, and impulse dysregulation [an ability to resist performing actions that would be harmful to themselves or others]. This statistic shows that women who participated in pageants as young girls were not affected medically more than women who did not but they did suffer some effects that aren’t necessarily threatening. When I researched this statistic and this study I found that there are not too many studies on this subject. When I looked up the effects of beauty pageants on women if they competed as girls I found that there were a lot of blogs and websites pointing out individual cases or small groups. I find that this statistic is not credible because the group tested is too small.Only 22 women were tested which is a cause for concern. You can not get all the evidence you need from 22 people to make a strong claim. Another reason why I feel that this statistic is not credible is the fact that there hasn’t been any major studies on the issue. There have been many small studies like the one mentioned in the statistic but none providing any substantial evidence. Articles like â€Å"Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect† by Stephanie Hanes and â€Å"Toddlers in Tiaras† by Skip Hollandsworth provide many statistics to try and shock you.They are very effective at first glance but once you look into them a little more you start to fell a little skeptic. Many of the statistics used are influential but not in the fact of providing hard evidence. Many of the statistics used were either found by small studies or there had only been one study performed on the issue which does not give enough proof. Statistics are a great way to provide support for you claims but it does require the reader to a little research if they really want to know for sure.

Narrator in Mark Twain’s “Huckleberry Finn” Essay

Mark Twain chose Huck Finn to be the narrator to make the story more realistic and so that Mark Twain could get the reader to examine their own attitudes and beliefs by comparing themselves to Huck, a simple uneducated character. Twain was limited in expressing his thoughts by the fact that Huck Finn is a living, breathing person who is telling the story. Since the book is written in first person, Twain had to put himself in the place of a thirteen-year-old son of the town drunkard. He had to see life as Huck did and had to create a character that could see life as Mark Twain saw it. Huck is more than Twain’s mouthpiece because he is a living character and is capable of shaping the story. The language that Huck uses shows what he sees and how he will pass it on to us. Something else that is apparent is that the humor of the book often depends on Huck’s language. In chapter fourteen, Huck is telling Jim about royalty in general which is an example of humor through language and incomplete education although sometimes he is not that far from the truth. ‘They [royalty] don’t do nothing! Why, how you talk! They just set around.’ ‘No; is dat so?’ ‘Of course it is. They just set around–except, maybe, when there’s a war; then they go to war. But other times they just lazy around; or go hawking–just hawking†¦when things is dull, they fuss with the parlyment; and if everybody don’t go just so he whacks their heads off. But mostly they hang round the harem.’ However, by using Huck’s language Twain creates character and establishes realism. Huck is capable of making Twain write something merely because it is not the kind of thing Huck would say or do, and he can force Twain to leave something out because Huck would not do or say that kind of thing. Huck is essentially good-hearted, but he is looked down upon by the rest of the village. He dislikes civilized ways because they are too restrictive and  hard. He is generally ignorant of reading and writing, but he has a sharply developed sensibility. He is imaginative and clever, and has a good eye for detail, though he does not always understand everything he sees, or its significance. This enables Twain to make great use of irony. Huck is basically a realist. He knows only what he sees and experiences. He does not have a great deal of faith in things he reads or hears. He must experiment to find out what is true and what is not. With this kind of personality, Huck is able to believe Jim’s superstition at some times and to distrust others. He also see Huck as he is, the opposite of Tom Sawyer. He is as stated before, a realist, and generally a regular person except when he goes off on Tom’s adventures or when he follows Tom’s lead. He is not ‘sivilizable.’ The end of the book makes this clear. He is where he was in the beginning: he left the Widow’s house, and he will leave Aunt Sally’s. Something in society and civilization appalls Huck. Huck learns from Jim, who is in some ways his substitute father. He does not believe in Jim’s superstition until the superstition proves itself true. He mocks the snakeskin until the snakeskin does its work. Huck rises to Jim’s level by accepting Jim’s superstitions. Huck enters Jim’s primitive world which, though crude, is more honest and real than Miss Watson’s world. He cannot go beyond this world. He won’t pray because he has not had any benefits from prayer. Huck is involved in adventures and is continually bothered by his conscience. All during the trip down river, he tries to answer the question whether he’s doing  right by the Widow’s sister and by Jim, or not. The obsession with justice  has him confused. Whatever he chooses to do, he’s wrong. He’s wronging Jim if he returns him to slavery; he’s wronging Miss Watson if he helps Jim escape. Huck has no way of knowing what is right. He must follow his feelings and the only thing he can do is to learn by experience. And he does. Using Huck Finn as the narrator of the book allowed Mark Twain to add more life, excitement, and realism in his writings. We can only think how good Mark Twain was at languages by how he writes. Twain created Huck, but soon Huck had his own personality and life and Mark Twain had to write with this character.

Remnants of the Romanticism Period essays

Remnants of the Romanticism Period essays Few people today give real and positive meaning to the word Romanticism, even though our country began with the romantic ideal of personal freedom. Our forefathers staked their very lives to pursue the romanticized dream of living their lives according to their beliefs, subject to no one else's. The weakness with Romanticism is that quite often when the ideal is achieved, the belief so strongly rooted in this Romanticism dies with that success or victory. Romanticism represents the beauty of a dreamer's wish for an ideal and beautiful world. Ironically, the expression and fulfillment of these ideas have quite often lead to conflict and war. The Holy Crusades, the French Revolution, our own revolution of 1776 as well as our Civil War are unfortunate examples of this. But, when their romantic ideals were tested under fire and blood, many found the cost of their beliefs to be far too high. Romanticism is faithfully situated neither in choice of subjects nor in exact truth, but in one's deepest feelings, emotions and ideas. When people look for it outside of themselves, they will only find romantic expressions and views of others, not their own. There are as many kinds of romance and beauty as there are ways of seeking happiness. This is clearly explained by the "philosophy of progress." As there have been as many ideas as there have been ways in which the people of the earth have understood ethics, love, and religion; so romanticism will not consist in a perfect performance, but in a generation comparable to the ethical disposition of the age. It is because some have located it in the perfection of technique, rather than within their own lifestyle, that we have had the embellishment of romanticism, without question the most intolerable of all forms. Thus it is necessary, first and foremost, to get to know those aspects of nature and those human situations that many artists of the past have disdained or have not known. ...

Ethan Frome essay essays

Ethan Frome essay essays Frustration is an unavoidable feeling that can be caused by many things. Everybody feels frustration at least once in a while, however in Edith Whartons Ethan Frome, Ethan Frome is frustrated most of his life. Ethan is a victim of frustration due to his residence in Starkfield, his wife Zeena, and his physical condition after the accident. Ethan Frome lives in Starkfield, Massachusettes. He has lived there his whole life fifty-two years. Starkfield has nothing to offer, the climate is wintery half of the year which makes the farming season short. Most people living in Starkfield are not very intelligent or skilled. This is because most of the smart people move away from Starkfield. Ethan had the potential to get out of Starkfield however he had to stay to take care of his family. As Harmon Gow told the narrator Somebody had to stay and take care of the folks. There warnt anybody but Ethan. Fust his father-then his mother-then his wife. (Wharton 3) It is frustrating for Ethan to be living in Starkfield with no real future ahead of him. The frustration is greater because he had the potential to move away from Starkfield and make a future for himself. He had even began a higher education at college in Worcester however, his fathers death put a premature end to his studies. Zenobia Frome is Ethans cold hearted wife. The only reason Ethan married her is so he would not be alone, this incorrect reason for marriage is clearly evident in their relationship. Conversation is seldom and when the two talk it is an unemotional pragmatic conversation not intended for any enjoyment He and Zeena had not exchanged a word after the door of their room had closed on them. Zeena is the primary cause of Ethans frustration. Zeenas main goal in life is to torture Ethan. Zeena brought Mattie into the house just to torture Ethan. Zeena knows that ther ...

Langue - Definition and Discussion

Langue - Definition and Discussion In linguistics, language as an abstract system of signs (the underlying structure of a language), in contrast to parole, the individual expressions of language (speech acts that are the products of langue). This distinction between langue and parole was first made by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in his Course in General Linguistics (1916). See more observations below. Also see: Linguistic CompetenceParoleSemioticsSignWhat Is Language?What Is Linguistics? Etymology:  From the French, language Pronunciation:  lahng Observations on Langue Saussure distinguished between; langue, the rules of sign system (which might be grammar) and- parole, the articulation of signs (for example, speech or writing), the sum of which is language:language langue parole While langue could be the rules of, say, English grammar, it does not mean parole always has to conform to the rules of standard English (what some people erroneously call proper English). Langue is less rigid than the phrase set of rules implies, it is more a guideline and is inferred from the parole. Language is often likened to an iceberg: the parole is visible, but the rules, the supporting structure, are hidden.(Nick Lacey, Image and Representation: Key Concepts in Media Studies. Palgrave, 1998) The language system [langue] is not a function of the speaking subject, it is the product which the individual registers passively; it never presupposes premeditation, and reflection only comes into it for the activity of classification which will be discussed later.(Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, 1916; translated by Wade Baskin, 1959) Langue and Parole Langue/ParoleThe reference here is to the distinction made by the Swiss linguist Saussure. Where parole is the realm of the individual moments of language use, of particular utterances or messages, whether spoken or written, langue is the system or code (le code de la langue) which allows the realization of the individual messages. As the language-system, object of linguistics, langue is thus totally to be differentiated from language, the heterogeneous totality with which the linguist is initially faced and which may be studied from a variety of points of view, partaking as it does of the physical, the physiological, the mental, the individual and the social. It is precisely by delimiting its specific object (that is, of the langue, the system of the language) that Saussure founds linguistics as a science.(Stephen Heath, Translators Note in Image-Music-Text by Roland Barthes. Macmillan, 1988) Interdependency of Langue and Parole​Saussures Cours does not overlook the importance of reciprocal conditioning between langue and parole. If it is true that langue is implied by parole, parole, on the other hand, takes priority on two levels, namely that of learning and that of development: it is in hearing others that we learn our mother tongue; it manages to settle in our brain only after countless experiences. Finally, it is parole that makes langue develop: it is the impressions received by hearing others that alter our linguistic habits. Thus langue and parole are interdependent; the former is both the instrument and the product of the latter (1952, 27).(Claude Hagà ¨ge, On the Death and Life of Languages. Yale Univ. Press, 2009)

Business Strategy and Strategic Directions Research Paper - 1

Business Strategy and Strategic Directions - Research Paper Example The restaurants are marketed as the trend to attract high-value clients. The company has been listed by Forbes as one of the best employers in the United States (Kimpton Hotel and Restaurant Group, n.d.). It runs a loyalty program that helps in reducing the rate of turnover and motivating employees. The research paper seeks to analyze the strategies undertaken by Kimpton Hotel and Restaurant as it endeavors to stay ahead of competitors in San Francisco and United States. Kimpton Hotel and Restaurant Group Inc. faces major competition from Joie De Vivre Hospitality, Morgans Hotel Group, and Ian Schrager Hotels. Kimpton relies on differentiation, which makes it stand out from the crowd. It has competitors all over the United States because of its size. The hotel acquires old buildings found in urban centers and turns them into four-star hotels with trendy restaurants. The acquisition of old property reduces the cost of capital for the Kimpton Hotels and Restaurant Group. The hotels are turned into classy hotels with a vintage feeling that makes it unique. The sense of style shown by Kimpton is what makes it stand from most of the competitors in San Francisco and across the United States. Kimpton has a vision to experience both personal and organizational growth as time goes. The hotel’s mission says, â€Å"Getting and Keeping Guests, Keeping and Developing Employees.† (Kimpton Hotel and Restaurant Group, n.d.)The mission shows that the company values human resources and clients. Keeping and developing employees makes it possible to get and keep guests for a long time (Hill & Jones, 2013). The organizational culture prioritizes creativity, teamwork, and personal development. The strength of the Kimpton is their difference. The main goal is to give guests a unique experience that will make them coming back to Kimpton. The hotel management believes the unique Kimpton hotel experience that focuses on the

Design research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Design research proposal - Essay Example The researcher will thus uncover the academic gap in this context and design an appropriate design that can effectively combine both the high and tech and the vending machine besides increased usability and convenience to curb the looming cases of disease since this is a public machine and hence serves various cohorts of individuals hence presenting higher chances of spread of contingency diseases. Vending machines are convenience common sources of snacks and beverages but most machines ignores healthy options. The foods and drinks in the vending machines have led to increased cases of obesity (public health problem). Youth and adults are at risks to develop type 2 diabetes, asthma, arthritis and heart disease. Despite the fact food vending machine avails food everywhere in America, food choices hazardous to health. Based on these limitation in the vending machine, there is an urgent need to unearth the possible effective design mechanism that if adopted will results in safety of vending machine users (The Nemours Foundation 2010). This can only be achieved through the incorporation of the high tech within the vending machine to curb the problem of spread of these catastrophic disease attached to faulty public vending machines. Many cities have thus designed effective restrictions and regulatory to the designers of these vending machines in order to meet the guideline requirem ents. It is upon this problems associated with most vending machines, the researcher seeks to investigate and design a machine that will minimize the spread of diseases associated with the public vending machines. The data collection through observation will be done both in the vending machine mall and the MU building on the University. The rationale for picking on these location was due to the mass coverage within short time. This will ensure observation’s effectiveness besides vast

Films and Their Reflection of the Mid-Seventies Era Essay

Films and Their Reflection of the Mid-Seventies Era - Essay Example Films are at times influential and determinants of societal behavior. Film, therefore, is believed to be progressive forces in any society and is a reflection of that society. Analysis of â€Å"Rafaelson Five Easy Pieces† shows the effects of the film and the reflection of the mid-seventies era. The film reflected the social attitudes and values in the mid-seventies era. Even though, there are numerous aspects of the film that are progressive and â€Å"influential for the mid-seventies era, the film is a reflection of the social context of the 1970’s America†. A brief comparison of the film and other contemporary issues of the 1970’s era geys also made.  Films are at times influential and determinants of societal behavior. Film, therefore, is believed to be progressive forces in any society and is a reflection of that society. Analysis of â€Å"Rafaelson Five Easy Pieces† shows the effects of the film and the reflection of the mid-seventies era. T he film reflected the social attitudes and values in the mid-seventies era. Even though, there are numerous aspects of the film that are progressive and â€Å"influential for the mid-seventies era, the film is a reflection of the social context of the 1970’s America†. A brief comparison of the film and other contemporary issues of the 1970’s era geys also made.   Five Easy Pieces directed by Bob Rafaelson is among the greatest films of the Hollywood 1970’s golden era. In the film, the character of Bobby Dupea is the archetype of numerous heroes from that period.

Ender's game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ender's game - Essay Example Valentine is the elder sister of Ender and due to her compassion; she is able to protect Ender from the sadism and ruthlessness of Peter. As the story progresses, we learn that valentine considers Ender as the best of the brothers and as a result of this loves him more. Her love is the one that ensures that she is able to save Ender when Battle School’s pointlessness is on the brink of breaking him up. She is kind hearted to the point of not wanting to harm anyone deliberately. Peter lacks the compassion that Ender and Valentine have, and instead, ruthlessness rules his life. Peter is so sadistic such that at some points, he even considers killing Ender and Valentine. Coupled to this ruthlessness is Peter’s extreme desire and thirst for power. As a result of this, people can be regarded as an individual who has no humanity. His ruthless further makes him to act for his own selfish interests. Peter has noteworthy understanding of other characters, but instead he uses thi s knowledge as a manipulation tool for his advantage (Card 50). Peter’s ruthlessness and aggressiveness benefits him in that he is able to regain the control of the whole world so that he becomes the Hegemon (leader of the world). Even though he acquires the power in a peaceful manner, Peter did not have to do this since he just sought this alternative so that he would appear a good leader in the face of his future subjects. Even though Peter uses his ruthlessness and aggressiveness to become the leader of all humans on the earth, his attributes alienate him from the rest of humans. Ender has taken the attributes of his two siblings. Compassion, an attribute that is also in the character of his sister, is his greatest trait which has ensured that he is an able commander. Compassion runs throughout his whole life. Compassion saves Peter a number of times and it is the factor that has ensured that he has a different life. Without

The US Patriot Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The US Patriot Act - Essay Example ng the tools by which law enforcement agencies fight crime and improves communication capabilities between these government agencies and in spite of the prevailing majority opinion, protects, not degrades civil liberties. According to the Justice Department, the PATRIOT Act gives support to and encourages enhanced sharing of information among various law enforcement agencies at the local, state and federal levels. In addition, this law assists law enforcement in their efforts to â€Å"connect the dots† from a wider scope of agencies when assembling evidence so as to â€Å"develop a complete picture† regarding possible threats from terrorists. The Act also allows law enforcement officials more latitude when attempting to intercept transmissions of suspected terrorist’s discussions via electronic surveillance. (Ward, 2002). Since the PATRIOT Act was enacted in October of 2001, it has been an essential instrument in ensuring the safety of American citizens in the ongoing ‘War on Terror.’ The more conducive sharing of information augments the same, constitutionally lawful, forms of law enforcement that had been employed to apprehend and prosecute criminals prior to 9/11. In addition, the legislation has increased the effectiveness of the U.S. Department of Justice in its efforts to interrupt terrorist actions while simultaneously and earnestly defending the civil liberties of American citizens. â€Å"America still faces dangerous enemies, and no priority is more important to the President than protecting the American people without delay† (â€Å"US PATRIOT Act†, 2006). According to President Bush, â€Å"The Patriot Act defends our liberty. The Patriot Act makes it able for those of us in positions of responsibility to defend the liberty of the American people. It’s essential law† (Allen, 2004). Paul Rosenzweig, a senior legal research fellow at Heritage is convinced that Ronald Reagan, the champion of modern-day conservatism, would support the PATRIOT

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Global Warming - Essay Example Various reasons have been given to justify their disbelief. The sceptics reason that contrary to allegations by advocates, the increase in carbon monoxide in the atmosphere has enhanced wheat production by 50 to 75 percent, vegetables by 51%, and increased vitamin and antioxidant concentration in the produce. According to these detractors, the present increase in global temperatures is due to natural causes such as solar activity, volcanic activity, and so on, and that car and industrial emissions are too insignificant to cause climate change. Other reasons are given mostly in terms of dollars and cents. For instance, one website entitled Global Warming Lies (2010), manned by a webmaster who chose to remain anonymous, cites the $400 billion yearly cause as the major reason for not joining the Kyoto Protocol (the worldwide agreement to significantly reduce carbon emissions). So far the United States is the only country in the world that has continually refused to affix its signature o n the agreement (UNFCCC, 2010). Recently, the spate of cold weather was also cited as proof that global warming did not exist, because the weather was so cold, not warm (Charisse, 2010). To this, advocates have responded soundly, According to Fitzpatrick (2010), the present extended period of cold and snowy weather over North America is actually confirmation that global warming is still happening. Global warming does not mean that the world is getting warmer, but that weather extremes are being experienced in different parts of the globe. Presently, there is an El Nino weather disturbance, the warmer than usual sea surface temperatures over the East Pacific. The phenomenon causes many more storm systems to develop over North America, and energizes the jet stream. Furthermore, the negative North Atlantic Oscillation has created a

The US Patriot Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The US Patriot Act - Essay Example ng the tools by which law enforcement agencies fight crime and improves communication capabilities between these government agencies and in spite of the prevailing majority opinion, protects, not degrades civil liberties. According to the Justice Department, the PATRIOT Act gives support to and encourages enhanced sharing of information among various law enforcement agencies at the local, state and federal levels. In addition, this law assists law enforcement in their efforts to â€Å"connect the dots† from a wider scope of agencies when assembling evidence so as to â€Å"develop a complete picture† regarding possible threats from terrorists. The Act also allows law enforcement officials more latitude when attempting to intercept transmissions of suspected terrorist’s discussions via electronic surveillance. (Ward, 2002). Since the PATRIOT Act was enacted in October of 2001, it has been an essential instrument in ensuring the safety of American citizens in the ongoing ‘War on Terror.’ The more conducive sharing of information augments the same, constitutionally lawful, forms of law enforcement that had been employed to apprehend and prosecute criminals prior to 9/11. In addition, the legislation has increased the effectiveness of the U.S. Department of Justice in its efforts to interrupt terrorist actions while simultaneously and earnestly defending the civil liberties of American citizens. â€Å"America still faces dangerous enemies, and no priority is more important to the President than protecting the American people without delay† (â€Å"US PATRIOT Act†, 2006). According to President Bush, â€Å"The Patriot Act defends our liberty. The Patriot Act makes it able for those of us in positions of responsibility to defend the liberty of the American people. It’s essential law† (Allen, 2004). Paul Rosenzweig, a senior legal research fellow at Heritage is convinced that Ronald Reagan, the champion of modern-day conservatism, would support the PATRIOT

Macroeconomic Analysis of South Africa Research Paper

Macroeconomic Analysis of South Africa - Research Paper Example Hospitality Segment in South Africa Similar to any other industry, the hospitality industry has to face a significant impact due to the economic condition in any country. The economic conditions prevailing within an economy determines the trend of travel and thus the profitability of hospitality sector. Hotels require a major financial investment. Nevertheless, financial suppliers necessitate guarantee that the hospitality organizations are satisfactorily feasible to repay the invested amount. The situation of hospitality market is generally determined by income per room and occupancy rates. Increasing occupancy rate in hospitality industry denotes high demand which can open the opportunity for new entrants in the hospitality industry. It is worth mentioning that the hospitality industry is directly related with national as well as distant travelling trends for tourists and commercial visitors (PwC, 2011). Hospitality organizations can gain high return on investment in the presence o f strong and healthy economy. For instance, the macroeconomic factor such as growth rate has major impact on the travel because it entices and preserves customers and drive sales within the industry. Furthermore, the condition of economy creates an impact on both domestic as well as global corporate travel. It is in this context that South Africa has satisfactory demand for hospitality services. With the virtues of the macroeconomic environment prevailing in the business context of South African hospitality industry, the number of overnight visitors in South Africa has increased considerably from 2004 to 2006 by almost 10.23 million. The increase in number of travel has accelerated the room occupancy rate as well as hotel revenue (PwC,...This paper is one of the best examples of the macroeconomic analysis of South Africa, and the overview of its current state of hospitality segment. Even though the financial structure of South Africa is improving, it is facing two most important macroeconomic problems (i.e. unemployment and electricity) which can have a substantial impact on the industrial development of the economy. The paper analyzes the extent of these problems and how the government reacts with the problems through developing macroeconomic policies. Furthermore, the paper also describes the hospitality industry in South Africa and its relationship with current macroeconomic issues faced by the country in order to understand the potentiality of instigating a new venture in the particular industry. South Africa is regarded as the economic centre of the African continent. It has outstanding and advanced legal structure. The financial system of South Africa is observed to be in a healthy position. South Africa is not only considered as a major developing economy, but is also as the gateway to other African markets. In the region, South Africa plays a vital part for energy generation, transportation, industrialization and hospitality services. Similar to any other industry, the hospitality industry has to face a significant impact due to the economic condition in any country. The economic conditions prevailing within an economy determines the trend of travel and thus the profitability of hospitality sector. Analysts predict that South Africa will remain economically attractive for tourism and hospitality sector. Even though there are some unemployment and electricity shortage issues in the country, its overall market attraction is satisfactory.

Documentary Hypotheses Essay Example for Free

Documentary Hypotheses Essay Documentary hypotheses is the persuasion of scholars that the Torah was composed by many writers. The authors of the Pentateuch are thought to come from four different traditions known as J, E, D, and P. The J which stands for the Jaw hist are responsible for most of the genesis. The E stands for Elohist referred God to Elohim (Freidman, 1997). E wrote Aqedah story and other parts of genesis, and much of exodus and numbers. D ( the deutronomist ) wrote almost the whole book of Deuteronomy and probably Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and kings. P (the priestly source) provided the first chapter of Genesis, the book of Leviticus and other sections with genealogical information (Freidman, 1997). The following factors triggered documentary hypothesis. Duplicate and triplicate passages: This stories include, two description of the covenant between God and Abraham, two versions of the ten commandments, and two accounts of the moses striking the rock of at Meriba. God was described in different ways in some cases he was referred to as Yahweh while in other parts he was referred to as Elohim. The different sources had different names for God. The belief by archaeologists and linguistic centuries ago was that writing among ancient Hebrews only developed after events portrayed. So Moses was incapable of writing the first five books. Various passages showed God in different ways, for example the flood story. The flood story is described differently by the Various sources. The following contrast arises from this two stories. In the J source the authors refer to God as the lord while the P God is referred as God. The length the rains: in the J version of the story, the rains went for 40 days While in the p version of this story the rains went for 150 days. Moreover in the J version of the story, Gods character is revealed as a merciful God. Furthermore, he has mercy on Noah and save him from the floods due to his righteousness. The p version portrays God as vengeful However, the two stories has a similarity in the conclusion. God promise to never again destroy the earth in waters. The inconsistencies in the two story explains diverse authorship. Am strongly persuaded that the stories were written down by many authors. The Question left unanswered is which account of the story do we rely on, the p or J story?. The impact would be efforts to live accordance to Gods will. The stories shows that God is vengeful if man become sinful. Essay 2. The coming of pharaoh who knew not Joseph meant suffering . Significance of this suffering is that it moved God to rescuing the Israelites from Egypt. When God talked to Moses, he told him that he had seen the affliction of his people (Freidman, 1997). Many scholars has criticized the massive exodus. The ten plagues in the bible has been well detailed (Freidman, 1997). Exodus 12. 36 explains how Egypt was deprived their slave labor. After the Egyptians army drowned in the red sea, Egypt suffered a weak defense. This factors validate the exodus of the Israelites. According to the bible, the date can be accurately calculated. The bible records in 1Kings 6. 1, the fourth year of Solomons reign was the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of Israel were delivered from the land of Egypt. When we place the fourth year of his reign in the 960s B. C and take 480 years back it takes us to 1440s BC. Another Biblical Evidence on the dating is found on judges. This is when Jephthah tell the Ammonites that Israel had been in the land for 300 years Judges 11. 26. Jephthahs victory over the Ammonites could be traced back at 1100 B. C. This would place the arrival of Israelites arrival in the land at 1400s B. C. In consideration of thew 40 years after the exodus. This two scriptures are very helpful because the arrive at the same dating of the exodus. Archaeological and historical evidence includes the fact that numerous cities in those periods experienced a cultural change due to the arrival of the Israelites. The Israelites throughout the history concentrated in areas that were easy to defend against the Canaanites (Freidman, 1997). This supports the fact they were invaders. Furthermore, they doubters have claimed the evidence of armed destruction of some cities. The history of the Exodus is important because it formed a Jewish faith. Work cited R. E. Freidman who wrote the Bible , Harper Collins, San Francisco, CA (1997).

Economies of Spain and Germany Essay -- essays papers

Economies of Spain and Germany Economy of Germany Germany’s Economic System the Federal Republic of Germany’s economy has now flourished despite its harsh times that have been faced throughout the decades. Most people know about Germany from its historic involvement in World War II; its successful campaign to unite East and West with the successful collapse of the Berlin Wall; and its world class development and production of automobiles. Unfortunately, what most people don’t know is that Germany continues to fight an uphill battle in keeping its established ranking among the world’s most important economic powers. A historic look back at Germany shows that after its fall in World War II, it needed a massive rebuilding in order regain its status that it once held. Various events took place that helped it re-climb the pedestal ladder. The year 1948 brought a currency reform that was the turning point for economic reform. There was a continuous economic growth each year for Western Germany, but the strict, conservative ways of East Germany’s communist rule still slowed true growth in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). To make matters worse, the whole country experienced a significant drop in its GDP, causing a recession from 1976 through to 1985. There was a growth again for the next eight years before a major down ward spiral began in 1992. Germany’s early ‘90s spiral was attributed to the reunification of the country between 1989 and 1990. Once the two countries formed their one republic, the economy took its major tumble. Economists have figured this to be true because West Germany continued to evolve with industrial and technological breakthroughs and standards, while the communist East Germany adhered to traditional, unproductive ways that in some cases dated back to the 1940s and World War II times. So instead of combining to form an economic powerhouse, the GDP tumbled and caused a massive surge to restructure and work began to regain the decades of reform that were no longer noticeable. The Republic formed after reunification consists of 16 states, which is still looked at and measured as East and West Germany. Despite all of these states following the established free-market economy, there is still a noticeable gap between the economies of the two sections. German government assistance of nearly $100 billion annually has h... ...rld Fact Book. January 12, 2000 Spain http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html World Bank Group. January 12, 2000 http://www.worldbank.org/html/schools/regions/eca/spain.htm Tradeport. January 12, 2000. http://www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/spain/trends.html The Economy of Spain. January 12, 2000 http://www.travelnet.co.il/espagne/menu/TheEconomyOfSpain.htm Clements, John, ed. Clements’ Encyclopedia of World Governments. Dallas, TX: Political Research, 1996. Culturegrams 1995. Brigham Young University: David M. Kennedy Center for International Study, 1998. German Economy. http://www.cnnfn.com â€Å"Germany.† Encyclopedia Britanica. 1997 edition. CIA World Fact Book. January 12, 2000 Germany http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html Turner, Barry, ed. Statesman’s Yearbook 1998-1999. New York, NY: Macmillan Reference, 1998. United States Department of State. Germany. Background Notes. Washington, DC: Department of State, 1995. Country Data. January 12, 2000 http://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.html World Bank Group. January 12, 2000 http://www.worldbank.org/html/schools/regions/eca/germany.htm

Credit and Collection Corporation :: essays research papers

Case Study: Credit and Collection Corporation Credit and Collection Corporation (CCC) is looking to offer stocks to a group of private investors. CCC manages and collects accounts receivables for three different types of customers. CCC uses a local CPA firm to prepare and given an opinion on its financial statements. To improve the favorability of the equity offer CCC has determined it needs an opinion on its financial statements from one of the Big Six CPA firms. The first type of accounts receivable CCC purchases are delinquent accounts. CCC reviews a company’s delinquent accounts receivables, removes problem and bankrupt accounts from the list and then assumes collection responsibility for the collection for a management fee of 30 percent. The second type of accounts receivables are current and delinquent accounts receivable. CCC reviews a company’s accounts receivables then pays the company 95 percent of the value of the receivables selected. Any uncollectible accounts are exchanged with the company for new receivables or are purchased back from CCC by the company. The third type of account receivables are payments due to hospitals, clinics and doctors from third party payers. CCC reviews the accounts receivables to determine the amount that the third party payer will actually be paying. The provider is then paid 95 percent of the determined value and CCC collects from the third party payor. For each type of accounts receivab le CCC generates dun letters and does follow-up collection calls. The first Big Six CPA firm spend several days interviewing CCC personnel and studying the financial data. The CPA firm determined they has serious reservations about revenue recognition. The CPA firm stated CCC was in the collections business and should recognize revenue only after accounts had been collected. The firm based its findings on concept statement number 5. Concept statement number 5 states an item must meet the definition of a financial statement element, the item must have a relevant attribute measurable with sufficient reliability, the item must contain information capable of marking a difference in user decisions, and the information must be verifiable, representationally faithful and neutral. Therefore, revenue should be recognized when realizable and earned. The firm compared CCC’s business to â€Å"real estate accounting rules required the deferral of revenue from a real estate sale, so long as the seller had any continuing involvement with the development o f the property sold.†(Corporate, 99) The firm did not think CCC earned its revenue until after it had sent out the dun letters, made the follow up calls and collected on the account.

Examine the argument that desirable neighbouring

Examine the argument that desirable neighboring is characterized by both distance and proximity BY Repossessions Examine the argument that desirable neighboring Is characterized by both distance and proximity This essay will examine the attributes of desirable neighboring, looking at the characteristics and unwritten rules of good neighboring, how material life shapes social identities and social order to regulate and control the distance and proximity between neighbors. Secondly, personal and social identities are discussed and how these affect the interaction with neighbors.Thirdly, tensions around different cultural social rules are considered and the effect of these different rules has on desirable neighboring. Lastly, causes and effects of neighborly disputes are examined while also looking at how these broken connections are remade. Qualitative data Is used as evidence to support this analysis, this type of data Is given In a non-numerical format, usually gathered from an Inter view or survey form, as well as using observations by the researcher.Desirable neighboring is described as the balance between preserving the connection with neighbors, examining their eternal lives of how, where and when they interact with their neighbors, while maintaining a suitable proximity and respecting their ‘need for privacy' (Wolcott, cited in Taylor, 2009, p. 173). Byword (2009, p. 254) compares desirable neighboring too ‘slow dance', whereby neighbors should preserve their proximity to each other, while not getting too close or be too distant, in order to stay connected with each other. This type of social behavior is unwritten and learned through solicitation (Byword, 2009, p. 54), whereby individuals observe and follow the norms of acceptable behavior (Withering, 2009, p. 0). Harold Garfield (cited In Taylor, 2009, p. 173) argues that social life Is fluid, continually changing whereby Individuals constantly adapt to preserve the balance of social order In t he neighborhood. Harris and Gale (cited in Byword, 2009, p. 255) identified that neighbors communicated primarily outside of the home' in what was perceived as public space, and ‘not in the home' which could be perceived as ‘over-neighboring' by infringing on their neighbors personal space.Nevertheless, the purpose to provide social structure is still the same. However, social rules can be caused by mistrust and the need for power and control. Stanley Branded (cited in Byword, 2009, p. 260) explains that in Spain, desirable neighboring requires individuals to be close, both socially and physically. For example, he observed that neighbors leave their front doors open and neighbors come and go from each other's houses without hesitation, whereas the qualities of ‘not being intrusive' and ‘reserved' were seen as suspicious and rude.However, this proximity and closeness was used as form of surveillance and control. Different social rules can lead to inequalities and unequal connections, some neighbors might be excluded for not adhering to the expected social rules or not being able to participate (Taylor, 2009, p. 158). The boundaries of good neighboring are unwritten and are subjective interpretation, which can therefore lead to disputes (Byword, 2009, p. 263). Elizabeth Stoke (cited in Byword, 2009, p. 64) examined how a neighbor's intimate noises were intruding into the other neighbor's private space. The main issue was that the neighbor was not seen to be considerate by minimizing the noise, which was intruding into the other neighbor's private space. Steps were taken to repair the social order using mediation. This is an example of how social order can be broken and repaired, but the neighbor's relationship was not completely the same as fore which highlights the fluidity of social life and how it changes.To summaries, material life can connect and disconnect neighbors, desirable neighborliness does not only include social and physical distance and proximity, but also how an individual presents themselves and is therefore perceived by their neighbors (Byword, 2009, p. 258). Taylor (2009, p. 171) argues that personal identity is not fixed and includes multiple identities. One of which is their social identity of being a neighbor, which is made and remade as individuals adapt to the fluidity of social life.Additionally, different cultures have different social rules and expectations around desired neighboring, which can cause tension and inequality. Intern, this can lead to disputes to arise leading to a break in social order, different social rules control creating differences and inequality in social order and life (Taylor, 2009, p. 291). Byword (2009, p. 254) compares desirable neighboring to a ‘slow dance', requiring neighbors to change and adapt to the differences and inequalities of social life, to make and repair social order created from this.

Provide displays in schools Essay

1.4 Describe the requirements and procedures for carrying out a risk assessment for displays. Health and safety regulations must be observed whilst putting up any displays for the safety of both staff and children in the setting. Display boards must be securely attached to the wall by using screws to ensure safety and stability and must not be obstructing exits, light switches or sockets, fire exit signs or exposed wires of any sort. If a ladder is needed to reach the top of the board, it must be flat on the floor with no wobble and another member of staff to hold it in position. It would be advantageous to display work during lunch time or before or after school if the display board is in a high traffic area i.e. a corridor where children walk frequently and in high numbers. This will minimise the risk of the person using the ladder being involved in an accident. Desks and chairs should never be used to climb on. A wall stapler is the best way to attach work to the wall. Pins and clips can and will fall or be knocked off on to the floor where they could be stood on or picked up by children. Similarly, any kind of tape would be unfit for use as they do not hold any objects of weight securely or practically. All work to be displayed should be put somewhere safe and out of the way of people walking past whilst it is being put up. It would be preferable to have another member of staff to assist in handing things to you and to check that things are safe and finally, that they look presentable and neat. Ladders, staple guns, scissors, rolls of paper, blu tac, pens and any other equipment used must be put away promptly and securely. Ladders must be stowed away somewhere safe where they cannot be tripped over or children climb on them. All other equipment should be returned to class or the correct place that it is usually stored.

Final Project Report

GUIDE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that ASHISH RANA from M. B. A. 4rd semester bearing university roll number -611012045 has completed his Final project Report under my guidance. Project Guide (MR. NAVEEN SIR) Signatur ABSTRACT â€Å"A study on the customer perception of mobile phone service providers with special reference to BSNL† is a project aimed at studying the competitive position of BSNL, the strength and weakness of BSNL’s competitors, accessing the present level of service provided by BSNL and identifying the areas which require attention by BSNL for improving its services.The type of research undertaken for the study was descriptive research and the sampling design used is stratified proportionate random sampling. The sample size was 100. The target respondents were the customers of AIRTEL, AIRCEL, BSNL, and RELIANCE in a proportionate number. The data was collected using a standardized questionnaire, through the interview mode. From the analysis it was fou nd that AIRTEL and AIRCEL are the main competitors for BSNL.AIRTEL’s promotional campaign has played a significant role in attracting customers and its huge amount of value added services and add-on card features has also added to its success. AIRCEL’s call tariff and its early entry into the market and its SMS facilities has made customers choose its service. It is also found that the good network coverage, call tariff and roaming facilities are the strengths of BSNL whereas SMS charges, poor customer care, lack of value added services, lack of effective promotional campaigns and high network congestion are some of BSNL’s weakness.It is found from the analysis that the awareness of the schemes that BSNL introduce is not known to the public. The study has also revealed that there are small proportions of BSNL customers who are not satisfied with the services that BSNL offers. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to express our acknowledgement a deep sense of gratitude for rendering valuable assistance and guidance to us by the following personalities for successful completion of our research project. I am highly indebted to Mr. Naveen Sir (Sr.Lecturer), department of management: Sri Sai University Palampur (H. P) for assigning us interesting task. I have fortunate enough to have him as a wonderful guide and for her personal encouragement, prompt assistance, constructive criticism, valuable interest, guidance and supervision in completing our project report successfully. . The experience was novel one and we would like to thank all the people who have lent their valuable time for the recording of the data and completion of the report. Without their consideration it would have been difficult to complete the study.Ashish Rana TABLE OF CONTENTS |Certificate i | |Acknowledgement iiii | |Table of contents iv | |Sr. No. |Name of Chapters |Page No. | | | | |1 |EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |05-06 | |2 |OBJECTIVES |07 | |3 |METHODOLOGY |08 | |4 |COMPANY PROFILE |09-18 | |5 |VISION AND MISION |19 | |6 |STRATICS |20-23 | |7 |SYNOPSIS |24-31 | |8 |COMPITITORS |32-37 | |9 |DATA ANAYSISES AND INTERPRETATION |38-48 | |10 |CONCLUSION & REFERENCE |49-53 | | | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Spending a period of three weeks with the project â€Å"A STUDY ON THE CUSTOMER PERCEPTION OF MOBILE PHONE SERVICE PROVIDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BSNL† was really a very interesting time for me . The way I received the views of the people in different areas of PALAMPUR (H. P. division made me to realize that practical experience is much different from theoretical knowledge. I was in direct selling and, I realized that it is very difficult to understand the behavior of customers. I am saying this because even though I was associated with a brand, sometimes it was difficult to convince the custom BSNL has a Quality management system which is demonstrated through its ability to consistently provide product and services that meets customer and applicable reg ulatory requirements. It aims to enhance customer satisfaction through its effective services B. S. N. L was born free, a force unleashed into the market with a relentless and unwavering determination to succeed.A spirit charged with energy and creativity and a team driven â€Å"to seize the day† with an ambition to become the most globally admired telecom service. B. SNL after just few years has risen to the pinnacle of achievement. As India's leading telecommunications company serving over 33 million customers the brand has played the role as a major catalyst in India's reforms, contributing to its economic resurgence. Today it touch people’s lives with its Mobile services to connect India's leading 1000+ corporate , empower them through Broadband services and connect Indians living in USA with the call home service. The strong product line from BSNL in Corporate Connections, customer friendly service and national distribution strength.Have helped in making BSNL the most preferred brand of mobile service provider in corporate world The telecom sector is witnessing a tough competition, with every major players (Reliance, Hutch in corporate) having a range of products, with the entry of Vodafone, it will become more tough. Despite of various difficulties and limitations faced during my research report project I tried myself to gain as much experience of marketing because Marketing is a very crucial activity in every business organization. Every product produced within an industry has to be marketed other wise it will remain as unsold stock, which will be of no value. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of this study/project as follows: ? To identify the features that encourages customers to avail services from mobile service providers. To evaluate various features provided by mobile service providers to identify their USP. ? To assess the present level of service provided by BSNL and compare the same with its competitors. ? To identify new are as which require attention by BSNL for attaining customer delight. ? To evaluate the strength and weakness of competitors of BSNL and to furnish recommendations for meeting the competition. LIMITATIONS ? The sample size of 100 respondents may not be representative of the entire population. ? The respondents consisted of various classes of people with varying levels of education, hence during the interview process the language and words that was used to ask the question was modifies suitably.This might have made the respondents interpret the question in a different fashion, Hence there is a possibility of bias. ? The linking or loyalty of the respondents to a particular service provider might have made them to respond in a biased manner. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PRIMARY DATA: ? Data collected from sample of 250 people in Palampur involved in different professions by questionnaire method ? Data collected by visiting BSNL Retail. SECONDARY DATA: ? Data Collected from Internet. ? Informatio n received from various pamphlets, brochures and journals of BSNL. TYPE OF RESEARCH: Quantitative research Quantitative research is generally associated with the positivist/post positivist paradigm.It usually involves collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions drawn. COMPANY PROFILE Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World's 7th largest Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc. Within a span of five years it has become one of the largest public sector units in India. BSNL has more than 2. 5 million WLL subscribers and 2. 5 million Internet Customers who access Internet through various modes viz. Dial-up, Leased Line, DIAS, Account Less Internet(CLI).BSNL has been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country. BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone and Broadband Access Network. The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. [BSNL] will recruit Management Trainees (External) through competitive examinations to be held on All India basis, on different dates to fill up position of Deputy Manager in Telecom.Operations, Marketing, Finance, HRM & IT. HISTORY The foundation of Telecom Network in India was laid by the British sometime in 19th century. The history of BSNL is linked with the beginning of Telecom in India. In 19th century and for almost entire 20th century, the Telecom in India was operated as a Government of India wing. Earlier it was part of erstwhile Post & Telegraph Department (P&T). I n 1975 the Department of Telecom (DoT) was separated from P&T. DoT was responsible for running of Telecom services in entire country until 1985 when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was carved out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai.It is a well known fact that BSNL was carved out of Department of Telecom to provide level playing field to private telecoms. Subsequently in 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the Government for Private Investment, therefore it became necessary to separate the Government's policy wing from Operations wing. The Government of India corporatized the operations wing of DoT on October 01, 2000 and named it as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). BSNL operates as a public sector. BOARD OF DIRECTORS Corporate structure of BSNL Board consists of CMD & Five full time Directors Human Resource Development (HRD), Planning & New Services, Operations, Finance and Commercial & Marketing, who manages the entire gamut of BSNL operations .There are five other Directors in the full Board of BSNL CMD- Mr. Kuldeep Goyal [pic] Shri Kuldeep Goyal has joined as Director (Plg. ) on BSNL Board on 1st May, 2007. He is an Engineering graduate from IIT Roorkee. He joined the Indian Telecommunication Service in 1972. He is having vast experience in telecom field and had worked in all disciplines such as planning, installation, operation and maintenance of wire line and wireless services, data services, computerization of various activities in the telecom network and provision of value added services. He has served in various parts of the India viz. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Mumbai etc.He was also deputed to foreign project at Yemen through Telecommunication Consultants India Ltd. In his previous assignment as Chief General Manager, Maharashtra, from October, 2005 to April, 2007, he was overall in charge for monitoring of operations, planning and expansion of telecom network of the largest circle of BSNL and contributed to rapid growth of telecom network in Maharashtra and Goa states during this period. Prior to that, he was working as Executive Director, MTNL, Mumbai from December, 2004 to October, 2005. He was responsible for rapid growth of GSM Network of MTNL Mumbai more than doubling the connections during this short period, taking market share of MTNL Mumbai from 8. 93% in December, 2004 to 15. % in October, 2005, in just 10 months against stiff competition.. Broadband service was also started in January, 2005, building up a customer base of 40,000 by October, 2005 in just 9 month. He has delivered a number of talks on various topics relating to Telecom for GSM Association, Institute of Engineers, Institute of Electrical and Telecommunications Engineers, CII, DD and AIR. He published many articles in ‘Telecommunications' Journal on topics viz. ‘Telecommunication Industry at a glance', ‘Universal access -An international perspective' and ‘Trade in Telecommunications'.H e was also a Member of National Working Group of ITU- T Study Group 2 on operational aspect of service provision, networks and performance of telecom networks and participated in meeting of ITU-T Study Group 2 at Geneva. He was also a member of Telecommunication Committee of Indian Merchants Chambers, Mumbai. In his present assignment, Shri Goyal would be responsible for ensuring planning and execution of strategy for expansion of BSNL network to achieve the targets set by the Government for 2010. Director (Operations)- Shri J. R. Gupta [pic] Shri J. R. Gupta is an Electrical Engineer, graduated from Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh in 1971 securing first rank in the Punjab University.He joined the Indian Telecom Service of the DOT through a country wide competitive examination in December 1972. During the last more than 33 years, he held various important & responsible positions in the DOT. He has worked for installation/commissioning of Telecom Transmission Projects, Plannin g, Network Operations and Maintenance, Human Resource Development, Regulatory Affairs, and Licensing and Standardization. Before joining the BSNL Board, as Senior Dy. Director General, he was heading the Telecom Engineering Center of DOT, which is a reputed institution that works on Telecom Standardization, Engineering, and evaluation of Telecom Projects, Services and Networks. Shri J. R.Gupta has joined the BSNL Board as Director (Operations) on 02-11-2005. His main thrust is on improving the Systems and Methods so as to achieve Optimal Performance of BSNL's extensive country-wide (except Delhi and Mumbai Metros) Infrastructure and Network. He is also responsible for short-term and long-term business interests of the Company, particularly; Customer Satisfaction by way of ensuring timely, satisfactory and quality services, coordination with field units, successful implementation of New Technologies and Services through proper monitoring, and providing world class integrated Telecom Services in the highly competitive environment. Director (Finance)- Shri S. D. Saxena [pic]Shri S. D.Saxena has taken over as Director (Finance) in BSNL on 03. 04. 2002. Shri Saxena holds an excellent academic record. He is M. Sc. (Physics) and MBA (Financial Management). Winner of many awards and medals, he was awarded Chancellor's Gold Medal for being the most outstanding student in the Agra University in the year 1967. Prior to joining the Government of India through the IAS, etc. examination of 1972 he was a lecturer in Physics at the University of Rajasthan at Jaipur and taught for six years. During this period he was associated with various organizations including Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and Atomic Energy. Among the notable assignments of Shri S. D.Saxena, special mention can be made of C-DOT where he was involved in setting up of C-DOT with Shri Sam Pitroda and Padmshri G. B. Meemamsi. He was also Director (F) in the E-10 B Project for induction of Elect ronic Switching System in Indian Telecom Network. He was IFA of Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. for 7 years and was actively involved in the GDR Issue, rated as one of the best GDRs brought out by an Indian Corporate including private companies. He was a member of Rakesh Mohan Infrastructure Committee which made significant recommendations for the growth and development of Indian infrastructure sector. Shri Saxena has been an acting Member of the Study Group III under the aegis of International Telecommunication Union.He was the Chairman of the Special Rapporteur Group of Study Group III for telecommunication statistics which made significant contributions for the presentation of telecom statistics on a Global scale Director (Planning & New Services)- Mr. A. K. Sinha [pic]Mr. A. K. Sinha joined the Indian Telecommunication Service of Govt of India in the year 1969. He is B. Sc (Engineering) from MIT Muzaffarpur. Prior to joining Indian Telecom Service he worked as a Lecturer at Bihar College of Engineering, Patna. Mr.. Sinha has wide experience in installation and commissioning of various switching systems in the network of Calcutta Telephones and Delhi Telephones.While working as Divisional Engineer (Installation), he was instrumental in commissioning first C-400 type Japanese Telephone Exchange in the network of Calcutta Telephones and thereafter in MTNL, Delhi Telephones. Mr. Goyal has got installed C-400 and many Analogue as well as Digital Telephone Exchanges. Mr. Sinha has worked as General Manager (Dev) in MTNL Corporate Office as well as MTNL Delhi Telephones. He has taken extensive training both within the country and abroad in various Telecom Switching Systems and many other important fields of Telecommunications. He has also worked for three years on deputation to the Telecom Department of Government of Nigeria as Principal Engineer Training. Mr.Goyal has worked as Chief General Manager of Andaman and Nicobar Island Telecom Circle and Jharkhand Telec om Circle. Mr. Sinha joined as CMD BSNL on 16. 09. 2004. Prior to joining as CMD, he was working as Sr. DDG (Switching) in BSNL Corporate Office Director (HRD) – Shri Niranjan Singh. [pic] Shri Niranjan Singh joined the Indian Telecommunication Service of Government of India in the year 1971. He is B. Sc. (Electrical Engineering) from Aligarh Muslim University with specialization in communications. Prior to joining Department of Telecommunications, he worked with U. P. State Electricity Board for two years. While serving, he did MBA degree in Financial Management.During more than 35 years of service in Department of Telecommunications and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited in various capacities, he acquired wide experience for operations, maintenance and development of network, personnel, financial, commercial and marketing, project implementation, regulatory affairs, signing and implementation of various agreements with other parties. He was actively involved in legal affairs of MTNL in various fields, public relations and coordination with other utility agencies. Shri Singh was deputed to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as Senior Engineer-cum-Quality Surveyor for Telecom Operations and maintenance projects of Eastern Province and also as Project Director of Saudi Telecom external plant expansion turnkey project in the capital city of Riyadh during 1985-90.Shri Singh has visited countries like USA, UK, Germany, Sweden Bahrain, Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong to get exposure of management of telecom systems at international level. Before joining as Director (HRD), Mr. Singh held the charge of Chief General Manager (South) and Principal Chief General Manager (Operations) in MTNL, Delhi. Shri Singh joined as Director (HRD) on 1st May 2005. He is responsible for formulating and implementing policies pertaining to Establishment, personnel, industrial relations, training, restructuring and other HR related affairs. Corporate Philosophy [pic] VISION ? To become the largest telecom Service Provider in Asia. MISION ? To provide world class State-of-art technology telecom services to its customers on demand at competitive prices. ? To provide world class elecom infrastructure in its area of operation and to contribute to the growth of the country's economy. STATISTICS The country's top telecom company, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) has been having a rough run for some time. For each step forward, it has been pushed back two steps. Just when it thought it had cleared the air on its scaleddown 23 million line GSM tender, Bharti Airtel delivered it a fresh blow. In August this year, the private operator unceremoniously unseated BSNL from its leadership position as the largest integrated telecom operator in the country (in subscriber terms), pushing ahead with 78. 7 million subscribers against BSNL's 77. 2 million. That must hurt.For the one-time monopoly service provider, and the largest telecom company in terms of both subscriber numbers (mob ile, fixed and internet and broadband) and revenues, the upstaging by Airtel has somewhat bruised its image. Though it is still the largest operator in revenue terms, its slow growth is worrying – a point also noted by communications and IT minister A. Raja recently. This is not to say that BSNL is not a canny operator. But as a state-run entity, it finds its hands tied when it comes to taking decisions. Its operations are subjected to bureaucratic delays, interference and controversy. Every issue needs to pass through multiple levels before it is cleared. This is time-consuming and certainly not the best way to deal with competition. The government's latest intention of merging loss-making equipment maker ITI with BSNL is a case in point.Analysts say this is not a â€Å"smart move at all†. On the one hand, the government has expressly asked the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) to work out a strategy to restore BSNL's market position, and on the other, it is sugg esting a merger with a loss-making entity, which will only impact BSNL's financial health further. As it is, the company's financials have been slipping over the years. Though on a strong wicket compared to other operators, in financial year 2007-08, BSNL's revenue (provisional) dropped to Rs 370 billion from Rs 397. 15 billion in the previous year. Its profit after tax (PAT) too slipped, from Rs 78. 06 billion to Rs 45 billion during the same period.Therefore, in the event of a merger, ITI's accumulated losses of Rs 25 billion would only put an additional burden on BSNL's financials. â€Å"This would be the last straw on the camel's back,† points out Sridhar Pai, CEO of consulting firm Tonse Telecom. â€Å"This should not be allowed at any cost. The world is now in a different mode and operators have a full-time job in building their brand and managing subscriber expectations. Why burden them with an ailing equipment vendor that has been surviving on subsidies and handouts from the centre? † BSNL couldn't agree more. It has reportedly informed Raja that a merger with ITI does not bring any synergies to the table. BSNL is a service provider and ITI is a manufacturing company. And no service provider is manufacturing its own equipment because it wants to source the best equipment at the best prices by exploring various options. Tying up with only one equipment manufacturer or manufacturing only one particular equipment may not be commercially producing the best out of BSNL,† says Kuldeep Goyal, CMD, BSNL. Goyal, who took over the helm in 2007, finds his hands very full. BSNL's previously dominant position in all areas of operation, except rural telephony, internet and broadband, is being threatened by unrelenting competition. It is certainly more vulnerable than it was even two years ago.In 2002, when BSNL launched mobile services, it took the market by storm, giving the older, private operators a run for their money. It matched their servic e offerings and competitive tariffs and soon became a contender for the top slot. By early 2006, it had 20 million customers and 25 per cent market share. Then the slide began. The company was faced with a huge capacity crunch with the last major network expansion having been undertaken in 2005. By late 2006, subscriber additions had hit an all-time low. Subsequent expansion plans were either stalled or delayed. Its mobile business, operating on a highly overburdened network, ran to the ground.Today, BSNL, with 38. 49 million mobile subscribers, trails way behind private telecom majors such as Bharti Airtel (75 million subscribers as of August 2008), Reliance Communications (RCOM) (54. 29 million) and Vodafone Essar (52. 76 million). In the wireline segment too, BSNL has been losing subscribers – though that is true of all landline operators. However, BSNL being the largest operator with over 80 per cent market share is probably the most impacted. What's worse is that this sl ide is expected to continue. Meanwhile, the company has been hit by the phasing out of access deficit charges, a revenue share it received from other operators.The regulator is also talking about a downward revision in termination charges, which will bring down BSNL' revenues further as most calls terminate on its network [pic] BRAND NAMES OF BSNL SERVICES ? Following are the approved brand names of †¢ CORPORATE SIGNATURE : †¢ POSTPAID CELLULAR SERVICE: [pic] †¢ PRE-PAID CELLULAR SERVICE: [pic] SYNOPSIS. This article deals with the miracle shared vision can do to the organization. Vision concept and philosophy at an individual as well as organization level has been discussed. It also covers importance and driving force of vision in Marketing strategies, Selling, Business Development, Market share etc.Various marketing trends have been mentioned. It is an effort to share vision with one and all. 1. Introduction. Our visions begin with our desires. – Audre Lorde We all have some visions of ourselves and our future, and that vision creates consequences. More than any other factor, vision affects the choices we make and the way we spend our time. Visions drive consequences. Principles drive results. Key is to base vision on principles. – Stephen R Covey. It is true for individuals as well as organizations. The strongest form of vision / motivation is to base vision on â€Å"What Legacy we want to leave. † And to achieve it we must take a principled centered path.History is full of examples that many organizations have vanished grown and vanished overnight as their path to achieve vision was not based on principled way Vision of the organization can only be translated into reality, if it is shared by one and all. The best way to implement is to involve them in formulation. But even if it is conceived by higher management then it has to be explained to each and every individual of the organization, otherwise it may remain as a sho wpiece. 2. Marketing Objective. The ultimate objective of any marketing activity is to satisfy the customers and today even a step ahead i. e. ‘delighting’ the customers, for which customers are offered something beyond their expectations from the service or the product. The objective being to acquire and retain the customers, who should continually feel that they are getting more value of the money, they are departing with.Marketing is the establishment, development, maintenance and optimization of long-term mutually valuable relationships between consumers and organization. Successful Marketing focuses on understanding the needs and desires of the customers and is achieved by placing these needs at the heart of business by integrating them with the organization strategy, people, technology and business processes. At its most basic, Marketing involves customers, organizations and relationships and the combination creates the need for the management. In simple words it implies a buyer, a seller, bonded by the mutual need, satisfying offer and a medium/process to exchange the offer. 3. Marketing Process.We often talk of marketing & Sales and often use it interchangeably without understanding the difference in it. Marketing is everything we do to get and leverage a client relationship. Marketing process is broad and includes all of the following: – †¢ Discovering what product, service or idea customers want. †¢ Producing a product with the appropriate features and Quality. †¢ Pricing the product correctly. †¢ Promoting the product; spreading the word about why customers should buy it. 4. Contrasting the Sales Concept with the Marketing Concept:- The concepts surrounding both selling and marketing also differ. There is a need for both selling and marketing approaches in different situations.One approach is not always right and the other always wrong – it depends upon the particular situation. In a marketing approach, more listening to and eventual accommodation of the target market occurs. Two-way communication (sometimes between a salesperson and a customer) is emphasized in marketing so learning can take place and product offerings can be improved. The 7Ps for service marketing (Product, price, place, promotion, physical evidence, people & process) are the means to attain, nurture, & retain the customers and not the end. 5. Mission & Vision. Here is a test to find whether Your mission on earth is finished: If you are alive, it isn’t. Richard Bach.Most of the big companies have a Vision & Mission statement so as to guide their all energy, efforts to realize it. BSNL also has a vision ‘To become the largest Telecom Service provider in South East Asia’. Firstly we need to understand the parameter for being the largest. Is it revenue, ARPU, profit, subscribers, Network (no of exchanges, BTS etc)? From monopoly to multi operator scenario, BSNL’s market share is bound to reduce. But how much down we will let it? There are lot of similarities between British Telecom & us. One must keep watch on market share in monthly growth and take timely action. To improve our share, we need to acquire more than 50% of new acquisitions while maintaining earlier. This is Q. ite challenging in this dynamic environment. Today landline base is reducing across globe, but why? Europe defines an operator with 25% or more market share as Significant market Power (SMP), while they intend to increase it largest operator and we must strive not only to maintain but enhance it. We need to act fast. Timely action is an essence What should be our marketing Vision, will it help us in inspiring to achieve higher. Can it be something such as â€Å"To retain the highest market share, build highest brand equity and maximizing the profits? † 6. Brand Equity. We may think what is Brand equity? In simple words it is how far people are willing to pay if we increase our prices i. e . remium for our services. We may feel happy to say there is lot of black marketing of our SIM cards. Is it a healthy sign? We reduce prices when competitors launch new schemes. Does it imply poor brand equity? Brand Equity can be built with good equity of Quality of services at the affordable price. Continuous innovation in product and delivery of services with the appropriate pricing is the key strategy for developing the trust in customer so that he keeps his loyalty with BSNL. We have to be first mover in our efforts for product and price differentiation. Presently the market is in growth phase and price could be a differentiating factor, but how long?Is any scope left for further cuts? Ultimately it is the Quality, customer care, and timely availability apart from price, which will matter. What is USP (Unique Selling Proposition) for BSNL? A Government company which delivers. A government company which gives service better than private could be a deadly combination, which no co mpetitor can copy. 7. Social Responsibility. B. S. N. L. the most trusted telecom brand in year 2003 & 2004. We have been given Golden Peacock award for Best Corporate Social responsibility. How can we leverage these distinctions? These achievements need to be highlighted through public relation exercise like press meet.This will help us in building our marketing image. In sales and distribution front though we have over one-lakh retailers, 1000 franchisees, 3300 CSCs, 36000 exchanges why are we not visible like others? Why can’t we utilize all possible space? Can’t we leverage our franchisee and STD-PCO strengths? Can we make these outlets as our core strength? Why our recharge coupons, India Telephone Cards are in shortage when there is no capacity constraint? Does it imply that our planning for printing, inventory management, logistics, and supply chain and of course franchisee management is inefficient? Do we have targets for these just like DELs & Cell One?Why can ’t we leverage this huge network for better customer care and improve collection efficiency? We must realize that with waiver of security deposits, no OYT schemes, no advance rentals, adjustment of landline security for Cell One, we don’t get fixed deposits to meet our funds requirements. Everything has to be met from Operating revenues. We need to improve collections, realize bills early, not on the last day of payment and reduce bad debts. We need to provide 24X7 culture in our organization, though we have been providing operation and maintenance on 24X7 basis in the past and we will continue to provide in future too, but what about provisioning customer care and marketing on 24X7 basis? 8.Business Development. Business development units have been given the task to develop and nurture long-term relations with corporate houses. Many MoUs have been signed. Bulk bills are being issued. One-point payments are being realized for multiple service locations. Key Account Man ager concept has been introduced. All this requires change of mindset in addition to the skills of marketing & sales. Do we have skilled manpower? Is our organization setup apt for better results? The staff expense to revenue ratio could be a good indicator. No doubt our revenues are up. Profit has increased. But consider the marketing budget we have in comparison to others.Even with this little budget many circles are unable to utilize it. We need to probe ourselves. Corporate office has permitted delegation of up to 70% of Circle budget to SSAs. Does it mean that our budget planning is wrong? How should we allocate marketing budget and which parameter to weigh? †¢ Per DEL/Mobile †¢ Acquisition cost †¢ Life time value †¢ Competitor spend †¢ Growth targets 9. Life Time Value You can’t give people pride, but you can provide the kind of understanding that makes people look to their inner strength and find their own sense of pride. – Charleszetta Waddles. It is high time we learn fast, groom ourselves, improve our mindset and act fast.Business perspective is equally important as excellence in Telecom operations, maintenance, and installations & planning. Our core competence should be telecom business acumen and not just traditional expertise developed over the 10. Summary Vision is set in the Boardroom but realized in the battlefield. Each and every customers has to continuously lead this battle to be victorious. The corporate office is always willing to provide all resources. Together we can realize our vision. CAPITAL OUTLET OF BSNL Cumulative Capital Outlay BSNL had Gross fixed assets of over Rs 1,11,692 crores (US $ 25. 12 Billion) as on 31-03-2006. [pic] CAPITAL INVESTMENT Annual Capital Investment in the network has increased from Rs. 85 crores (US$ 0. 18 billion) in 1986-87 to over Rs. 6838 crores ( US $ 1. 53 billion) in 2005-06. This investment has been financed mainly by the internal accruals. [pic] COMPETITORS [pi c] Type Public, Listed on BSE Founded 1985 HeadQ. uarters [pic] New Delhi, India Key people [pic] Sunil Mittal Industry Telecom Products Mobile and Fixed-Line Telecommunication operator Revenue [pic]USD 3. 66 billion Website http://www. Bharti. com Bharti Airtel, formerly known as Bharti Tele-Ventures Limited (BTVL) is among India's largest mobile phone and Fixed Network operators.With more than 40 million subscriptions as of May 2007, the company is one of the world's fastest growing telecom companies. It offers its mobile services under the Airtel brand and is headed by Sunil Mittal, India's sixth richest men with a total worth of US$6. 9 billion. The company is the only operator to provide mobile services in all the 23 circles in India. The company also provides telephone services and Internet access over DSL in 14 circles. The company complements its mobile, broadband & telephone services with national and international long distance services. The company also has a submarine ca ble landing station at Chennai, which connects the submarine cable connecting Chennai and Singapore.The company provides reliable end-to-end data and enterprise services to the corporate customers by leveraging its nationwide fiber optic backbone, last mile connectivity in fixed-line and mobile circles, VSATs, ISP and international bandwidth access through the gateways and landing station. [pic] Airtel is a brand of telecommunication services in India operated by Bharti Airtel. Airtel is the largest cellular service provider in India in terms of number of subscribers. Bharti Airtel owns the Airtel brand and provides the following services under the brand name Airtel: Mobile Services (using GSM Technology), Broadband & Telephone Services (Fixed line and Internet Connectivity), Long DistanceServices and Enterprise Services (Telecommunications Consulting for corporate). Leading international telecommunication companies such as Vodafone and SingTel hold partial stakes in Bharti Airtel. TATA TELESERVICES Tata Teleservices Limited (TTSL) is part of the Tata Group of Companies, an Indian Conglomerate. The company forms part of the Tata Group's presence in the Telecommunication Industry in India, along with Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Limited (TTML) and VSNL. IDEA CELLULAR Idea cellular is a wireless telephony company operating in various states in India. It initially started in 1995 as a join venture between the Tatas, Aditya Birla Group and AT by merging Tate Cellular and Birla AT Communications.Commons: Image: Idea Cellular logogriph created by User: Karan deshmukh9005. Initially having a very limited footprint in the GSM arena, the acquisition of Escorted in 2004 gave Idea a truly pan-India presence covering Maharashtra (excluding Mumbai), GAO, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh (East and West), Haryana, Kerala, Rajasthan and Delhi (inclusive of NCR). MARKETING OF MOBILE PHONES The communication has become so important in the w orld of today that it provides a ground for success almost in all fields of human interactions, communications is the sum things that one person does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of other. It is a bridge of the meaning.It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding. Recent developments in the field of communication have revolutionized the style of human being in the society. The telephones and mobile phones have become the necessities of daily life. The two instruments play an important role in the business profession and in jobs as well. Through India is a developing country but it has successfully converted its capacity to realities in the field of human interactions/ communication. Some specific group (businessman, professionals, customers) enjoy the facilities of mobile phones and instrument is becoming more popular with the passage of time.Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and some other private companies like Airtel and Reliance are working in the field of providing the facilities to the common people. The instruments manufactured by the national and foreign companies are in the market. The urban population is their target customers in the unaware of the benefits of the mobile phones in day to day life, therefore some specific methods of marketing are required to make the mobile phones an article of daily use in the rural areas. AVILABILITY OF MOBILE HANDSETS IN PALAMPUR Two basic things required for the use of mobile & landline phones by the people of a particular area are:- 1. Availability of mobile & landline phones sets 2.Availability of land line connections as well as WLL signals in the areas. As it has already been discussed that there are 78 Gram Panchayat and one municipality in Pratapgarh Sub-Division. In this area main two companies are providing land line connection and WLL signal to the people and these are:- 1) Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (B. S. N. L. ) The B. S. N. L. has providing sim cards of mobile telephony to 120,000 customers as on 31 March 2009 under prepaid and postpaid facility. 32400 customers has been provided prepaid connections facility and 87,600 customers has preferred for postpaid services. At the time Following schemes of recharging are implemented by B. S. N. L. †¢ Rs. 331 (Talk value Rs. 75) (Period 30 days +15 days) †¢ Rs. 551 (Talk value Rs. 361) (Period 45 days +15 days) †¢ Rs. 1102 (Talk value Rs. 822) (Period 120 days +15 days) †¢ Rs. 2204 (Talk value Rs. 2000) (Period 180 days + 15 days) †¢ Rs. 3306 (Talk value Rs. 3000) (Period 365 days +15 days) (2)Airtel:- The Airtel has provided connections to 30,000 customers. Out of these customers 28050 has been provided prepaid sim cards and 1950 customers has Been provided post paid sim cards . Under prepaid sim cards Schemes are implemented by the companies are as follows:- †¢ Rs. 110 (Talk value Rs. 49. 32) (Period 10 days) †¢ Rs. 330 (Talk value Rs. 175) ( Period 30 days) Rs. 660 (Talk value Rs. 473) (Period 45 days) †¢ Rs. 1100 (Talk value Rs. 873) (Period 69 days) †¢ Rs. 3000 (Talk value Rs. 2869) (Period 365 days) DATA ANALYSIS & ITERPRETATION Ques. – Do you posses any Mobile phone? Y N ITERPRETATION:- 54% SAYS YES 46% SAYS NO Ques. – Which operator service do you have? B. S. N. L. AIRTEL RELIAN OTHERS ITERPRETATION:- 39% B. S. N. L. 31% AIRTEL 22% RELIANCE 8% OTHERS Ques. – Are you satisfied with your service? Yes No Can't S ITERPRETATION:- 66% YES 26% NO 8% CAN’T SAY Ques. – How you came to know about your services? TV RADIO NEWSPAP FRIENDS OTHERS ITERPRETATION:- 23% TV 33% RADIO 14% NEWSPAPERS 19% FRIENDS 1% OTHERS Ques. – Are you using prepaid or postpaid connection? PREPAI POSTPA ITERPRETATION:- 73% PREPAID 27% POSTPAID Ques. –Which mode of recharge you will prefer? EASY RECHAR RECHARGE CA ITERPRETATION:- 68% EASY RECHARGE 22% RECHARGE CARD Ques. – Do you think that private co. can offer you better services as compared to BSNL? Y N ITERPRETATION:- 48% SAYS YES 52% SAYS NO Ques. – Are you aware about the different scheme provided by your operator? Y N ITERPRETATION:- 73% SAYS YES 27% SAYS NO FINDINGS The major findings of the study are summarized as follow:- While surveying I got that 54% people have mobile phones and 46% haven’t.Out of total person availing the facility of mobile phones users 39% B. S. N. L. , 31% AIRTEL, 22% RELIANCE, & 8% are OTHERS have opted connections. In 100 people 66% were satisfied, 26% weren’t & 8% says they can’t say because they haven’t any idea about there service provider companies competitors. On analysis it was found that 23% by TV, 33% Radio, 14% Newspaper, 19% Friends, & 11% customers got information about On analysis it was found that 73% customers have got postpaid connections and 27% customers have opted prepaid connections. 52% customers say that B. S. N. L. can offe r better services than private companies because B. S. N. L. has Govt control. In Pratapgarh (U. P. ) sub-division B. S. N. L. as provided connection to 5000 customers and Airtel has provided connection to 3950 customers. In the area the sim cards of B. S. N. L. and Airtel are recharged at 10 places and 6 places respectively. The services were provided by B. S. N. L. and Airtel in 2003 in this sub-division and after that a considerable increase in the number of customers has been witnessed in the both the companies. A considerable section of the customers (48%) uses the mobile phones because of the reason that by using it , they can have regular contact with their family members . However 30% of the customers said that it helps them in their business/ employment activities. emaining 22% are using for some other reasons. The users were asked to tell â€Å"how the mobile phones can be made popular in the area. The 44% said that signal should be made available in all villages, 48% sai d that B. S. N. L and Airtel should introduced some new schemes of prepaid sim card and 8% of the users were of the view that latest models of different companies should be introduced in the market . On the same question the non-users view point was as follow:- 20% said that some cheap models(product) should be introduced, 66% said that some new schemes on less rate be introduced by B. S. N. L. and Airtel and 14% said that existing schemes should be popularized in the area.The 16% of the sub dealer of the view point that cheapest models should be introduced in the rural market. 28% were of the view point that people should be made aware about the benefits of mobile phones. 32% of the sub-dealers said that some more schemes should be introduced by B. S. N. L. and Airtel and 8% were of the view that latest models should be introduce. SUGGESTION & RECOMMENDATIONS Some efforts should be made at local level to make the mobile phones popular in the area. As the financial range of the rura l population is limited therefore the cheap models should be displayed at market places. The availability of recharging facility is not regular in the area.Some steps should be taken in this direction. Dealer should try to improve their after sale service Some more and cheaper schemes should be started by B. S. N. L. B. S. N. L should try to expand its signal facility as it is not available in many villages of the area Displaying of mobile phones in maximum possible market places is the important factor in this direction CONCLUSION The present study has attempted to candidly review, examine and explore in depth various aspects of customer’s behavior for prepaid & postpaid connection of B. S. N. L. During the course of study, a large number of observations have come to light.The present chapter is aimed at presenting the major findings which emanate from the study and offering some useful suggestions, which have been incorporate in two sections vis, its section first contains major conclusion and finding and section second deals with some useful suggestion QUESTIONNAIRE Ques. 1 – Do you posses any Mobile phone? Ans. a. Yes b. No Ques. 2 – Which operator service do you have? Ans – †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Ques. 3 – Are you satisfied with your service? Ans. – a. Yes b. no Ques. 4 – How you came to know about your services? Ans. -a. TV b. Radio c.Newspaper d. Friends e. other Ques. 5 – Are you using prepaid or postpaid connection? Ans- †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Ques 6. –Which mode of recharge you will prefer? Ans- a. Easy recharge b. Recharge coupon Ques 7 – Which services of your operator you like the best? Ans- †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ques. 8 – Do you think that private co. can offer you better services as compared to BSN L? Ans- a. Yes b. no Ques. 9 – Are you aware about the different scheme provided by your operator? Ans- a. Yes b. no Ques. 0 – What type of problem you are facing with your operator? Ans – †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ques. 11 – Any suggestion you want to give your operator? Ans – †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. www. trai. gov. in 2. Supplement to â€Å"The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicator Report for the Quarter Ending September 2005† (31st January 2006) 3. C. R. Kothari (2004), â€Å"Research Methodology Methods & Techniques†, Second Edition pp 62-64 4. Richard I. Levin and David S. Rubin (2004), â€Å"Statistics for Management†, Seventh Edition pp 568-581 5. Douglas A. Lind, William G. Marchal and Samuel A. Wathen, (McGraw Hill Irwin, 2005), â€Å"Statistical Techniques in Business & Econ omics†, Twelfth Edition pp 556, 564-565 6. Donald R.Cooper and Pamela S. Schinder, (Tata McGraw Hill, 2003),†Business Research Methods†, Eighth Edition pp 596-600 REFERENCES 1. David A. Aker, V Kumar and George S. Day (2002),† Marketing research†, John Wiley & sons , Seventh Edition 2. Kotler Philip(2002), â€Å"Principles of Marketing†, Sultan Chand & company limited, New Delhi Websites: 1. www. coai. com 2. www. dot. gov. in 3. http://www. indiainfoline. com/sect/Telecom_05012006. pdf 4. http://www. trai. gov. in/PressReleases_content. asp? id=118 5. www. tutor2u. net/business/strategy/competitoranalysis. html 6. www. bsnl. in 7. www. google. com 8. www. yahoo. com [pic] ———————– [pic] [pic]